Okuduğunu anlama soruları ve çözümleri

1. Microplastics are pieces of plastic smaller than five millimetres. Some are produced deliberately, for example as tiny beads in cosmetics, but most result from larger items, such as bottles and bags, breaking down over time. Because they are so small, microplastics are difficult to remove from the environment once they have entered it. They have been found in the deepest ocean trenches, in Arctic ice and even in the air of remote mountain regions. Marine animals often mistake them for food, and there is growing concern that they may enter the human body through seafood and drinking water. Scientists do not yet know exactly how harmful this is to human health, but many countries have already banned the use of plastic microbeads in personal care products. According to the passage, most microplastics ----.

1. are easy to remove from the sea
2. are found only in coastal waters
3. are larger than five millimetres
4. come from the breakdown of larger plastic items
5. are produced for use in cosmetics

2. Light pollution, the excessive or poorly directed use of artificial light, is a growing problem in modern cities. It is estimated that more than a third of the world's population can no longer see the Milky Way from where they live. Besides spoiling the view of the night sky, artificial light at night can disturb wildlife. Sea turtle hatchlings, for example, normally find their way to the ocean by moving towards the brighter horizon over the water, but bright lights on the shore can lead them in the wrong direction. In humans, exposure to light at night may disrupt sleep patterns. Fortunately, the problem is relatively easy to reduce: using shielded lamps that point downwards and switching off unnecessary lights can make a significant difference. According to the passage, sea turtle hatchlings can be confused by artificial light because ----.

1. they prefer to stay on the beach
2. they normally move towards the brighter horizon above the sea
3. they sleep during the day
4. they are attracted to the Milky Way
5. they cannot see in the dark

3. Over the past two decades, community gardens have spread rapidly across cities in Europe and North America. Originally seen as a way to make use of empty plots of land, these gardens now serve a variety of purposes. They provide fresh vegetables to residents who might otherwise have limited access to healthy food, and they offer a peaceful green space in crowded neighbourhoods. Researchers have also found that people who take part in community gardening report lower levels of stress and feel more connected to their neighbours. However, the gardens face challenges. Because many of them are located on land that is only temporarily available, gardeners may lose their plots when developers decide to build on the site. As a result, some city councils have begun to protect such gardens through special zoning laws. According to the passage, community gardens were initially regarded as ----.

1. a solution to the housing shortage
2. a threat to local developers
3. a source of income for city councils
4. a way of reducing traffic in cities
5. a means of using vacant land

4. A study carried out over ten years with more than 5,000 retired people found that those who did regular volunteer work lived longer, on average, than those who did not. The volunteers also reported better physical health and fewer symptoms of depression. The researchers point out that these results do not necessarily prove that volunteering itself causes better health. It is possible that people who are already healthy are simply more likely to volunteer. Nevertheless, the researchers believe that volunteering probably does have real benefits, since it gives people a sense of purpose, keeps them physically active and helps them maintain social contacts after they have left their jobs. They recommend that communities create more opportunities for older people to contribute their time and skills. According to the passage, the researchers recommend that communities ----.

1. provide more chances for older people to volunteer
2. pay older people for volunteer work
3. carry out a longer study
4. encourage people to retire earlier
5. stop collecting data on retired people

5. Scientists have long known that sleep is important for health, but its role in memory has only recently become clear. During deep sleep, the brain appears to replay the experiences of the day, strengthening the connections between nerve cells that store new information. In one experiment, two groups of students learned a list of words in the evening. One group slept normally, while the other stayed awake all night. The next day, the students who had slept remembered significantly more words than those who had not. Interestingly, even a short afternoon nap produced a smaller but still measurable improvement. These findings suggest that students who stay up late before an exam may actually be harming their chances of success, since the brain needs sleep to fix what has been learned. The experiment mentioned in the passage showed that ----.

1. staying awake all night improves concentration
2. students who slept after learning recalled more words
3. the brain stops working during deep sleep
4. students learn more words in the morning than in the evening
5. short naps are more useful than a full night's sleep

6. As fresh water becomes scarcer in many parts of the world, more countries are turning to desalination, the process of removing salt from seawater. Modern plants mostly use a method called reverse osmosis, in which seawater is pushed at high pressure through special membranes that allow water to pass but block salt. The technology has improved greatly, and the cost of producing desalinated water has fallen considerably since the 1990s. Nevertheless, the process still requires large amounts of energy, much of which comes from fossil fuels. In addition, it produces a highly salty waste product called brine, which can damage marine ecosystems if it is released carelessly into the sea. Critics therefore argue that desalination should be combined with efforts to reduce water waste rather than seen as a complete solution. According to the passage, in reverse osmosis ----.

1. membranes allow salt to pass but block water
2. water is forced through membranes that hold back salt
3. brine is turned into drinking water
4. energy is produced from seawater
5. salt is removed by boiling seawater

7. Honeybees have developed a remarkable way of sharing information. When a worker bee discovers a good source of food, she returns to the hive and performs what scientists call a 'waggle dance'. During the dance, she moves forward in a straight line while shaking her body, then circles back and repeats the movement. The angle of the straight line in relation to the vertical shows the direction of the food in relation to the sun, while the length of time she spends waggling indicates how far away it is. Other bees follow the dancer closely and then fly directly to the food source. This system was first explained in detail by the Austrian scientist Karl von Frisch, who received a Nobel Prize for his work in 1973. According to the passage, the length of time a bee spends waggling shows ----.

1. the position of the sun
2. the number of bees needed
3. the type of flower she has found
4. the amount of food available
5. the distance to the food source

8. Ice cores drilled from the Antarctic ice sheet are among the most valuable records of the Earth's past climate. As snow falls and gradually turns into ice, it traps tiny bubbles of air. By analysing these bubbles, scientists can measure the amount of carbon dioxide that was present in the atmosphere thousands of years ago. The deepest cores contain ice that is more than 800,000 years old. The data they provide show a close relationship between carbon dioxide levels and global temperatures: when one rose, the other generally rose as well. Today, carbon dioxide levels are higher than at any point recorded in the ice, which is why many researchers regard the cores as a warning about the future rather than simply a window into the past. According to the passage, scientists can learn about the past atmosphere by ----.

1. counting the layers of snow on the surface
2. observing changes in sea levels
3. measuring the thickness of the ice sheet
4. studying animals that live in Antarctica
5. examining air trapped in the ice

9. For much of the twentieth century, many parents and teachers believed that raising a child with two languages would cause confusion and slow down the child's development. Recent research has largely overturned this view. Although bilingual children may initially have a slightly smaller vocabulary in each separate language, their total vocabulary across both languages is usually similar to that of monolingual children. Moreover, some studies suggest that constantly switching between languages may train the brain to focus attention and ignore irrelevant information. These advantages, however, are not automatic. Experts stress that children need regular and meaningful exposure to both languages, for instance through conversation with family members, if they are to develop real competence in each. According to the passage, the belief that bilingualism harms children's development ----.

1. has been mostly disproved by recent research
2. was first proposed in recent studies
3. was never popular among parents
4. is still accepted by most researchers
5. applies only to children in school

10. The term 'fast fashion' refers to clothing that is designed, produced and sold very quickly and cheaply, allowing shoppers to follow the latest trends at low prices. While this business model has made fashionable clothes accessible to more people, it has serious environmental costs. The textile industry uses enormous quantities of water, and many cheap garments are made from synthetic fibres that release microplastics when washed. Because such clothes are often poorly made, they are thrown away after being worn only a few times. In response, a growing number of consumers are buying second-hand clothing, renting outfits for special occasions or choosing brands that promise to use sustainable materials. Whether these trends will be strong enough to change the industry, however, remains uncertain. According to the passage, one reason why fast fashion garments are discarded quickly is that ----.

1. they are of low quality
2. they are made from natural fibres
3. they release microplastics
4. they are too expensive to repair
5. they are rented rather than bought

11. When large numbers of office workers began working from home, many managers feared that productivity would fall. In practice, the results were more complicated. Studies found that employees who worked remotely often completed routine tasks faster, mainly because they faced fewer interruptions and saved time that would otherwise have been spent commuting. On the other hand, activities that depend on spontaneous interaction, such as brainstorming new ideas or training new staff, tended to suffer. Younger employees in particular reported that they missed the chance to learn by watching more experienced colleagues. For this reason, many organisations have now adopted a hybrid model, in which staff spend part of the week in the office and the rest at home, hoping to combine the advantages of both arrangements. It is stated in the passage that younger employees ----.

1. were more productive than older colleagues
2. preferred working from home all week
3. were responsible for training new staff
4. demanded the introduction of a hybrid model
5. felt they lost opportunities to learn from experienced colleagues

12. Honeybees have developed a remarkable way of sharing information. When a worker bee discovers a good source of food, she returns to the hive and performs what scientists call a 'waggle dance'. During the dance, she moves forward in a straight line while shaking her body, then circles back and repeats the movement. The angle of the straight line in relation to the vertical shows the direction of the food in relation to the sun, while the length of time she spends waggling indicates how far away it is. Other bees follow the dancer closely and then fly directly to the food source. This system was first explained in detail by the Austrian scientist Karl von Frisch, who received a Nobel Prize for his work in 1973. It is stated in the passage that Karl von Frisch ----.

1. taught bees to dance in laboratory conditions
2. was the first scientist to keep honeybees
3. proved that bees communicate by sound
4. discovered that bees cannot see the sun
5. provided a detailed explanation of the waggle dance